TECHINOTES

 WHAT IS SUBNETTING? SUBNETTING is a network inside a network. Subnets make networks more efficient through subnetting, network traffic can travel a shorter distance without passing through unnecessary routers to reach its destinations. SUBNET MASK - A range of IP address used to create multiple sub-networks within an extensive network. CLASS RANGE - IP address that are divided into three classes.

DISASSEMBLY OF PC It is to break down a device into separate parts. A device may be disassembled to help determine as problem, to replace a part, or take the parts and use them in another device or sell them individually. STEP-BY-STEP OF DIASSEMBLY OF A PC   UNPLUGGING . First thing you do is to unplug every cable that is plugged into your computer. That includes the cables such as power, USB, mouse, keyboard, internet, ethernet, modem, etc. Just unplug all the cables for safety purposes. OPENING THE OUTER SHELL/CASE . Unscrew the four screws at the back of the computer. On most computer cases, there will be large knobs that you can unscrew by hand or by screwdriver on the back right side of the computer. The left side has small screws because on that side you can't access much on the inside. Once the screws are removed, you can remove the side panels. REMOVING THE SYSTEM FAN . Unplug the fan from the motherboard. You can find the plug by following the wire from the fan. Next, you ...

DIFFERENT NETWORK DEVICES HUBS - it enables computers on a network to communicate with. Each computer plugs into the hub with an Ethernet cable, and information sent from one computer to another passes through the hub. Hub can't identify the source or intended destination of the information it receives, so it sends the information to all of the computers connected to it, including the one that sent it. SWITCH - switches work the same way as hubs, but they can identify the intended destination of the information that they receive so they can send the information to only the computers that are supposed to receive it. Switches can send and receive information at the same time so they can send information faster than hubs can. ROUTER - enable computer to communicate and they can pass information between two networks-such as between your home network and the internet. WIRELESS ACCESS POINT ( AP OR WAP )- also called " base station ". It provides wireless access to a wired Eth...

NETWORK CABLES - used to connect and transfer data and information between computers, routers, switches, and storage area networks. These cables are essentially the carrier or media through which data flows.     There are different types of communications cables and the appropriate type to use will depend on the structure and topology of the overall architecture of the system. The most commonly used types of communication cable are dominated by what is referred to as " twisted pair cable ". In local area networks; typically, office environments, retail, and commercial sites, copper communications cabling, i.e., twisted pair cable is by far the most commonly used type of cable. TWISTED PAIR - is used in many ethernet works. Comprising of four pair of thin wires or conductors, these wires or conductors are contained inside of the insulation or outer sheath of the cable. Each pair is twisted into several additional twists. These twists are designed to prevent interference from o...

  NETWORK TOPOLOGY - represent the way to connect different computers on network. It comprises of nodes and links. TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY POINT-TO-POINT - there is a dedicated connection between two ends or devices. It sends or receive signal from exactly one device.  BUS TOPOLOGY - each device is connected through a single cable called backbone of the network. STAR TOPOLGY - this topology no. of devices are linked/connected with a centralized device i.e. Hub or Switch which performs a star shape. RING TOPOLOGY - each device is connected with two other devices to form a ring. TREE TOPOLOGY - this configuration looks like branches of a tree. It is a hybrid topology, combines features of star and bus topologies. MESH TOPOLOGY - each computer and network device is interconnected with one another. It uses point-to-point connection. It is best suited for long distance communication.

  COMPUTER NETWORK - a group of computers interconnected with one another. TYPE OF NETWORKS PAN (PERSONAL AREA NETWORK) - a computer network that enables interconnection between electronic devices near a person. LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK) - a computer network that interconnects computers within a local (limited) area such as a office, building, house, school, campus, laboratory, etc. MAN (METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK) - a computer that interconnects several LANs together. It covers a larger area of about a city/town. WAN (WIDE AREA NETWORK) - a computer network that interconnects computers which may spread over a large geographical area in the region or country or even the world. COLLISION - when two or more data packets, transmitted simultaneously over a shared communication medium like cable or Wi-Fi, inference with each other. NODE - the connection point among network devices as router, printer, or switches that can receives and send data from one endpoint to the other. BACKBONE - a ...

  HAND TOOLS WIRE STRIPPER - used to remove the installation from the wire so that it can be twisted to other wires or crimped to connectors to make a cable. CRIMPER - used to attach connectors to wires. PUNCH-DOWN TOOL - used to terminate wire into terminator blocks. Some cable connectors must be connected to cables using a punch down tool. DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS TONER PROBE - a two-part tool. It is connected to a cable at one end using specific adapters such as an RJ-45, coaxial, or metal clips. Toner generates or tone that travels the length of the cable. The probe part traces the cable. When the probe is in near proximity to the cable to which the toner is attached, the toner can't be heard through a speaker in the probe.  SOFTWARE TOOLS - are variety of software tools that can be used to help technicians pinpoint and troubleshoot problems. DISK MANAGEMENT TOOL - software tool that helps diagnose computer and network problems and determine which computer device is not functionin...

Toolkit - a set of tools designed to be used together or particular purpose ACRONYMS ESD (Electro - Static Discharge) USB  (Universal Serial Bus) LCD  (Liquid Crystal Display) PROPER TOOL SECTION TOOL - a handheld device that aids in accomplishing a task - range from a traditional metal cutting part of a machine to an element of a computer program that activates and control a particular function. PREPARING FOR THE TASK *how do you select the best tool for the job? FIRST, know and understand in detail the scope of work to be accomplished. SECOND, a plan for the scopes taking into account the sequence of task *selecting the best tool for each task requires training in the proper use of the tools, field experience in their safe use, and following the manufacturer's guidance and instruction for the specific tool. * when obtaining the tool all the associated tooling and consumable parts, as recommended by the manufacturer, must be included in ADDITION, related consumable parts must...

COMPUTER     An electronic device operating under the control of instruction stored in its own memory that can accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules, produce information (output), and store the information for future use.   FUNCTIONALITIES OF A COMPUTER Any digital computer carries out five functions in gross terms: Takes data as input. Store the data/instructions in its memory and use them when required. Processes the data and convert it into useful information. Generates the output. Controls all the above four steps. COMPUTER COMPONENTS Any kind of computers of Hardware and Software . HARDWARE     The collection of physical elements that contributes a computer system. Computer hardware refers to the physical parts of components of a computer such as the mouse, monitors, keyboards, computer storage, hard drive disk (HDD), and etc. all of which are physical object that can be touched.   INPUT DEVICES     A ny pe...

COMPUTER                                                                                                                                                   - is a machine that manipulates data according to a set of instructions.                                                           - a programmable machine.                                                  ...